In the United States alone, IP-intensive industries contribute $7.8 trillion to the country’s GDP and support approximately 63 million jobs. Yet, most inventors and businesses fundamentally misunderstand how to extract value from patents, treating them as mere legal documents rather than strategic business assets that can multiply company valuations by 10 times, increase startup employment growth by 55%, and generate billions in licensing revenue.
Globally, innovators filed a record 3.55 million patent applications in 2023, but filing a patent is just the beginning. The real benefits emerge when you understand how patents function as both defensive shields and revenue engines, simultaneously serving as catalysts for growth. Patents grant inventors exclusive rights to their innovations for up to 20 years from the filing date, creating opportunities that would be impossible in fully competitive markets.
This guide reveals the comprehensive benefits of patent protection across three critical dimensions: legal protection and exclusivity, commercial and revenue-generation opportunities, and strategic business development. Patents offer not only security but also strategic advantages such as attracting business partners and boosting credibility in the marketplace. Whether you’re an individual inventor, a startup founder, or managing an established company’s IP portfolio, understanding these benefits is essential for transforming innovations into sustainable competitive advantages. Holding patents enhances a company’s credibility and reputation among investors and business partners, signaling trustworthiness and encouraging collaboration and funding opportunities.
Legal Protection and Exclusivity Benefits
When you obtain a patent, you have the legal authority to prevent others from making, using, selling, offering for sale, or importing your patented invention without permission. Patents grant inventors exclusive rights to their innovations for up to 20 years from the filing date, creating opportunities that would be impossible in fully competitive markets. In other words, a patent grants the patent owner the exclusive right to use, produce, or sell the invention, thereby preventing others from exploiting it commercially without permission. This exclusivity creates a legal barrier that competitors cannot breach, giving inventors confidence that their R&D investments won’t be copied immediately.
Patent protection establishes clear ownership rights over intellectual property, creating legally enforceable boundaries that competitors must respect. A patent serves as a title deed for an invention, crucial when disputes arise or when demonstrating ownership to investors and partners.
For SaaS founders and AI innovators: This exclusivity is particularly valuable when you’re building proprietary algorithms, unique software architectures, or AI training methodologies. Your patent becomes the moat that prevents competitors from simply copying your technical differentiators, the exact features that justify premium pricing and attract enterprise customers.
The Power of Patent Enforcement
Patent holders can pursue legal action against infringers in federal court, seeking monetary damages and injunctions to stop unauthorized use. The enforcement track record demonstrates the potency of patents as legal weapons.
In the 1980s, Polaroid successfully sued Kodak for infringing its instant camera patents, ultimately winning approximately $909 million in damages, the most significant patent infringement award in U.S. history at the time. Kodak was forced to exit the instant photography market entirely. This case vividly demonstrates how strong patent rights can protect entire market segments and yield substantial compensation.
Patent enforcement remains highly relevant today. The “smartphone patent wars” of the 2010s saw companies like Apple and Samsung suing each other over mobile technology patents, resulting in jury verdicts initially over $1 billion in damages. These high-profile cases confirm that patents remain potent legal weapons in cutting-edge industries, including software and AI.
Patents as Defensive Shields
Beyond offense, patents provide critical defensive value. Companies with strong patent portfolios can engage in cross-licensing agreements, reducing the risk of being sued by competitors and avoiding costly court battles. This defensive capability is critical in technology sectors where many firms hold overlapping patents.
If a rival asserts a patent against you, having your own patents means you can counter-sue for infringement, a scenario of mutually assured legal deterrence. Large tech companies maintain thousands of patents for precisely this reason, achieving a sort of patent peace through a state akin to “mutually assured destruction”.
In 2014, Google and Samsung announced a broad 10-year cross-license allowing each company to use the other’s existing and future patents. Google’s deputy general counsel for patents stated that by working together on cross-licenses, companies can “reduce the potential for litigation and focus instead on innovation”. Similar deals between Samsung and Microsoft, as well as Apple’s settlements with HTC, illustrate how owning patents gives companies leverage to negotiate peace rather than engage in constant legal battles.
For tech startups: building even a modest patent portfolio early gives you negotiating power against larger competitors. It’s not about planning litigation; it’s about ensuring you have a strong position at the table when partnerships, acquisitions, or defensive situations arise.
Patent Protection Types
Patent protection comes in several distinct forms, each tailored to safeguard different aspects of innovation. The three primary types are utility, design, and plant patents.
Patent Types Comparison Chart
| Patent Type | What it Protects | Best For |
| Utility | Function / how it works | Software, processes, machines |
| Design | Look / ornamental appearance | Consumer products, UI, hardware |
| Plant | New plant varieties | Agtech, horticulture |
Utility patents are the most widely sought and protect new and useful inventions, such as machines, processes, or compositions of matter. These patents are essential for businesses developing functional products or innovative methods, as they prevent competitors from making, using, or selling the patented invention.
Design patents, by contrast, focus on a product’s ornamental appearance rather than its function. If your competitive advantage lies in a unique product design or aesthetic, a design patent prevents others from copying or selling products with a similar look. Plant patents, while more specialized, protect new and distinct plant varieties that have been asexually reproduced, offering vital protection for agricultural and horticultural innovations.
Selecting the appropriate type of patent protection is a crucial step in the patent application process. By filing for the proper patent, inventors and businesses can secure exclusive rights to their inventions, prevent competitors from entering the market with similar offerings, and establish a strong foothold in their industry. Each type of patent offers unique advantages, and understanding these differences enables innovators to protect their intellectual property effectively and maximize the benefits of their inventions.
International Patent Protection
Patent rights are territorial. A U.S. patent protects you only in the United States. However, inventors can seek international protection through treaties like the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT). About 272,600 international patent applications were filed via WIPO’s PCT in 2023. With a coordinated global patent strategy, inventors can create a worldwide protective barrier, realizing benefits across global marketplaces.
For SaaS companies targeting international markets or planning global expansion, understanding PCT filing strategies is essential. Working with experienced patent counsel who can develop cost-effective international filing strategies, prioritizing key markets while managing costs, prevents leaving markets unprotected as your business scales.
Commercial and Revenue Benefits
Patents create direct pathways to revenue generation that significantly impact profitability and growth. Patents are instrumental in generating revenue through licensing agreements, strategic partnerships, and other monetization strategies that leverage the value of protected innovations. The commercial benefits stem from the exclusive market position patents provide, enabling patent holders to monetize innovations through multiple business models, increase profits by excluding competitors from the market, and charge premium prices for patented products or technologies.
Licensing Revenue Opportunities
One of the most attractive commercial benefits is the ability to license patent rights to other companies in exchange for royalty payments or lump-sum fees. Licensing allows patent holders to generate revenue without manufacturing and selling products themselves, particularly valuable for individual inventors and small businesses that lack the resources for full commercialization.
Patent licensing takes many forms. In an exclusive license, one licensee gains sole rights to use the patented technology (often in a specific territory or field), typically paying higher royalties. Royalty rates for exclusive licenses vary by industry. Most patent royalty agreements fall within the range of 2% to 5% of net sales, although specific sectors, such as pharmaceuticals or advanced technology, may have higher rates, reaching up to 10–15%.
Non-exclusive licenses allow patent holders to license technology to multiple companies simultaneously. Field-of-use licenses segment rights by specific applications or sectors, for example, licensing a patented AI algorithm exclusively to healthcare companies while separately licensing it to financial services firms.
The revenue potential is substantial.
- Tech giants often derive 15-25% of their income from patent licensing and related IP agreements.
- Qualcomm earned approximately $5.6 billion in licensing revenue in fiscal 2025, accounting for roughly 16% of total revenues and nearly half of net income, thanks to high profit margins.
- Qualcomm’s patent licensing arm operates with a ~68% profit margin and contributed 49% of the company’s net income in 2023.
For software and AI companies, licensing models work particularly well because your technology can be integrated into multiple products simultaneously without incurring incremental production costs. A patented machine learning technique or software architecture can generate recurring licensing revenue across various industries, each implementation creating a new revenue stream with minimal additional work from you.
Market Premium and Pricing Power
Patent protection enables companies to charge premium prices for products or services by eliminating direct competition during the patent term. This pricing power directly boosts profit margins because patent holders essentially control market segments where no rival can offer identical alternatives.
The numbers are striking. In the U.S., drug prices decline dramatically after patents expire. On average, prices drop by about 32% in the first year after generic entry and by 82% eight years after patent expiration. This means patients and insurers pay several times more for medications while they are under patent—illustrating the significant pricing power exclusivity provides.
Beyond pharmaceuticals, patented technology products enable market differentiation. A company introducing a patented software feature or AI capability can be the first to market with that functionality and enjoy a period during which it can charge premiums while building strong brand recognition as the innovator. A patented product benefits from exclusivity, market protection, and significant competitive advantages, enabling the company to establish market share, build credibility, and prevent competitors from infringing.
For SaaS founders, this is particularly important when competing for enterprise contracts. Decision-makers pay attention to patented technology because it signals both innovation leadership and reduced competitive risk. If your platform uses patented methods that competitors can’t legally replicate, that’s a compelling differentiator in sales conversations and justifies premium pricing tiers.
Patents create barriers to entry that protect market position over time. Competitors must either develop non-infringing alternatives (a complicated, time-consuming, and costly process), wait until the patent expires, or obtain a license for the patent. During the 20-year patent life, a company can scale its operations, optimize its technology stack, refine products through customer feedback, and secure key partnerships, all under the umbrella of patent exclusivity.
A striking case was AbbVie’s drug Humira, a biologic medicine that became the world’s top-selling drug. AbbVie secured dozens of secondary patents (a “patent thicket”) around Humira, delaying biosimilar competitors for several years even after the primary patent expired. During that extended exclusivity window, Humira continued to generate billions in annual revenue.
Business Development and Growth Benefits
Beyond immediate financial gains, patents serve as powerful catalysts for business development and growth, providing tools to attract investment, form strategic partnerships, and expand into new markets. Patents can attract investors by demonstrating the value and exclusivity of an invention, making it more appealing for financing, licensing deals, or market expansion. For startups and growing firms, these business development benefits often prove more valuable than direct revenues, primarily because patents help smaller companies establish a unique presence and defend their innovations against larger firms with greater resources.
Investment Attraction and Company Valuation
Patent portfolios significantly enhance a company’s valuation, making businesses more attractive to potential investors. Venture capital firms, angel investors, and public market investors view patents as tangible assets demonstrating a company’s innovative capabilities and competitive edge. Patents signal that a company possesses unique technology and the savvy to protect it legally. Filing your own patent application early is crucial to establishing priority, protecting your invention from potential infringers, and preventing others from securing rights that could undermine your claims.
The data is compelling. One comprehensive analysis of thousands of U.S. startups found a “significant positive relationship” between patenting and the ability to raise investment funds. Venture-backed startups were more likely to have filed patents than those without funding, and each additional patent a startup held was associated with higher total funding raised.
A seminal “patent lottery” study exploited a natural experiment in the U.S. patent system, comparing startups that narrowly received a patent (by being randomly assigned a lenient patent examiner) with similar startups that narrowly missed receiving one. The results were striking:
- Employment growth: 55% faster over five years.
- Sales growth: 80% faster over five years.
- Venture capital access: 47% increased likelihood of securing VC.
- Loan access: 76% more likely to secure loans (patents serve as collateral).
- Successful exits: Roughly doubled chances of achieving IPO.
These numbers underscore the transformational impact a patent can have on a young company’s trajectory. The patent acts as both a shield (protecting the startup’s niche from immediate competition) and a signal (validating the startup’s innovation in outsiders’ eyes).
Internationally, the impact is similar. A 2023 joint study by the European Patent Office and EUIPO found that European startups with early-stage patents were up to 10.2 times more likely to secure funding than startups without any IP rights.
For founders raising capital: These statistics should inform your IP strategy timeline. Filing provisional patents before your Series A pitch doesn’t just protect your technology—it materially increases your likelihood of closing that round on favorable terms. VCs explicitly look for patent filings as validation that your technical moat is defensible.
Patents don’t just attract equity investors; they open doors to debt financing and government grants. Banks and financial institutions recognize patents as valuable intangible assets. A small company with a granted patent can sometimes use it as collateral for loans, converting IP into working capital for growth.
During mergers and acquisitions, patent portfolios substantially increase acquisition prices. A notable example is Google’s 2012 acquisition of Motorola Mobility for $12.5 billion, primarily driven by Motorola’s extensive patent portfolio of 17,000 patents, which was intended to bolster Google’s defensive patent position in the Android smartphone market. Google’s representatives admitted that “the main motivation in buying Motorola was patents” to obtain “fresh ammunition” for legal defense.
Strategic Partnerships and Joint Ventures
Patents facilitate strategic partnerships, alliances, and joint ventures by providing clear frameworks for sharing technology and fostering collaboration. A well-structured patent portfolio gives owners negotiating leverage to secure favorable terms when partnering with others.
Cross-licensing agreements are standard. Two companies grant each other rights to use certain patents, effectively sharing innovations without fear of infringement lawsuits. This can be win-win: each side gains access to the other’s technology to integrate into products. Cross-licenses are prevalent in the semiconductor, consumer electronics, and telecommunications industries, where complex products often require multiple patented components.
Patents enable deeper strategic alliances and joint R&D ventures. Two or more companies might pool patented technologies to create new products or enter new markets together. Patents provide legal clarity for such collaboration; each party knows what intellectual property it’s contributing and how rights will be shared. These collaborations often involve multiple parties, such as inventors, licensees, licensors, and other stakeholders, whose interactions regarding patent rights and technology transfer are facilitated by the patent framework.
Large corporations routinely leverage patent portfolios to form broader ecosystems. IBM, which has historically been the top recipient of U.S. patents, with tens of thousands of patents, leverages its portfolio to form partnerships and license technologies across the IT industry. IBM’s patent licensing program has generated over $27 billion in revenue since 1996. But just as importantly, it seeded IBM technology widely through licensees, leading to further collaboration, service contracts, and de facto industry standards.
Startups use patents to partner with larger companies for market access: A startup with patented AI technology but limited market reach might partner with an enterprise software company. The larger player gains integration rights, while the startup secures distribution, co-branding, and validation. This strategy is increasingly common in the AI and SaaS sectors, dramatically accelerating the growth trajectory of small companies.
For more guidance on AI patent strategies specifically, see our comprehensive AI Patent Mastery guide.
Innovation and Industry Development Benefits
Beyond benefits to individual patent holders, the patent system yields broader benefits to innovation ecosystems and entire industries. Patents contribute to society’s advancement by facilitating the dissemination of knowledge and supporting technological progress. Patents encourage a virtuous cycle of innovation: they incentivize initial invention but also require disclosure of technical information, which then fuels further research and enables others to diffuse innovation.
Knowledge Sharing Through Patent Disclosure
When an inventor files a patent, one key requirement is full disclosure of how the invention works (the enablement requirement). Patents incentivize inventors to disclose their innovations, facilitating transparency and enabling further research and development. Having the invention disclosed to the public or relevant parties through the patent application process is essential for establishing prior art and securing patent rights. In exchange for exclusivity, the inventor publishes technical details in the patent. Published patents create a vast public repository of technical knowledge.
Researchers, engineers, and inventors worldwide can consult patent documents to learn about the latest state-of-the-art solutions. This disclosure not only prevents redundant R&D and inspires innovations by pointing toward unexplored improvements or alternatives, but also plays a crucial role in producing and disseminating innovations and technical knowledge throughout the industry.
For example, a patent on a novel neural network architecture includes detailed descriptions of layer configurations and training methodologies. Another AI researcher can study that patent and discover an optimization or a different approach that circumvents the original patent (thus not infringing) while achieving similar or better performance.
Incentivizing R&D Investment
Patents encourage investment in R&D by providing a period of market exclusivity, allowing companies to recoup their investment. This is particularly important in industries with high upfront research costs and long development timelines (software development, AI training, biotechnology, clean energy).
A pharmaceutical company might spend 10-15 years and over $2 billion to bring a new drug from the lab to market. Without patents, competitors could free-ride on that investment by copying the drug as soon as it’s approved, undercutting prices. Few companies would undertake such risky, costly R&D without protection.
For AI and software companies: While development costs may be lower than those of pharmaceuticals, the principle remains the same. If you’ve invested significant resources in developing proprietary algorithms, training custom models, or building novel software architectures, patents ensure competitors can’t immediately clone your work the moment you launch.
The Bayh-Dole Act’s Transformative Impact
The Bayh-Dole Act of 1980 in the United States is a classic example of how policy can unleash innovation through patents. Before 1980, inventions arising from federally funded research were owned by the government, and very few were ever licensed or commercialized. Bayh-Dole allowed universities and small businesses to own patents resulting from federally funded research and development (R&D) and to license them.
The results were extraordinary:
- From 1996 to 2020: 554,000 invention disclosures, 141,000 U.S. patents issued, and around 18,000 startups formed by universities and licensees.
- This activity contributed an estimated $1.9 trillion to U.S. gross industrial output and supported 6.5 million jobs over that period.
- In biotech and pharmaceuticals alone, over 200 new drugs and vaccines have emerged from university research pipelines, thanks to the Bayh-Dole Act, which enabled patenting and licensing of these innovations.
- Bayh-Dole has been credited with contributing over $1.3 trillion to U.S. economic growth and creating approximately 4.2 million jobs since its enactment in 1980.
Global Innovation Benefits
Patents can benefit developing countries by encouraging foreign direct investment (FDI) and technology transfer into those markets. Multinational companies are more likely to establish R&D centers, manufacturing plants, or joint ventures in countries where they believe their intellectual property will be respected and protected.
Patents enable specialization and the division of innovative labor. Companies can focus on their core competencies and license other needed technologies from specialists. For example, SaaS companies license AI capabilities from specialized providers rather than building every component in-house.
ARM in the UK is a famous example. ARM, the UK-based chip designer, is a classic IP-licensing powerhouse. It designs advanced processor architectures and licenses them to virtually all major smartphone and mobile chip manufacturers, including companies such as Qualcomm, Apple, MediaTek, Samsung, and Nvidia. Thanks to this asset-light, royalty-based model, Arm reports gross margins in the mid-90% range and operating margins of around 20–25%; levels comparable to those of highly profitable software and IP licensing firms.
Long-Term Strategic and Competitive Benefits
The 20-year duration of patent protection provides inventors and companies with long-term strategic advantages that can far outlast the patent term itself.
Market Security and Strategic Investment
A patent grants a window of long-term market security. For the life of the patent, the holder can operate without direct competition from copycats on that invention. This security is invaluable for significant strategic investments.
If a company is building new cloud infrastructure to deliver a patented SaaS feature, a multi-year, multi-million-dollar commitment, patent protection gives confidence that, once operational, competitors can’t immediately swoop in with identical functionality, undercutting prices and stranding that investment.
Over 20 years, a company holding core patents can build a strong market position. Think of it as planting a flag and building a fortress around it. By the time of patent expiration, if managed wisely, the company may have achieved brand dominance, built loyal customers, and developed next-generation innovations to maintain leadership.
Building Durable Competitive Moats
A strong patent portfolio enhances a company’s negotiating leverage and defensive posture in the long term. In industries with heavy patenting (telecoms, electronics, automotive, enterprise software), major players often end up in patent cross-licensing networks or patent pools.
A company that has amassed a “thicket” of patents around its technology can negotiate from a position of strength. Large portfolios deter aggression; it’s no coincidence that today, tech giants like Google, Microsoft, and Samsung collectively hold over 50,000 patents each.
Patents can be the foundation of entire long-term business models. Qualcomm built a licensing empire. ARM Holdings patented fundamental designs for microprocessor cores and, to this day, doesn’t manufacture chips itself but earns royalties from almost every smartphone chip made by others.
Strong Patent Portfolio
Building a strong patent portfolio is a crucial factor for any company or inventor seeking to protect their intellectual property and establish a lasting competitive edge. A patent portfolio is a collection of patents and pending patent applications owned by an individual or business, serving as both a shield and a sword in the marketplace. With a robust portfolio, a patent owner can prevent competitors from entering the market with similar products, secure multiple revenue streams through licensing, and attract potential investors who value the security and exclusivity that patents provide.
A strong patent portfolio grants the patent holder a temporary monopoly, typically up to twenty years from the filing date, during which they have exclusive rights to their patented inventions. This period of exclusivity enables businesses to establish a market presence, refine their offerings, and generate substantial revenue before competitors can legally enter the market. Licensing patent rights can further expand a company’s reach, enabling others to use the patented technology in exchange for royalties, while still preventing unauthorized commercial exploitation.
The process of building a strong patent portfolio involves careful navigation of patent law, strategic filing, and substantive examination to ensure each patent is enforceable and valuable. For companies and inventors, investing in a well-constructed portfolio is not just about protection; it’s about creating a foundation for long-term growth, innovation, and market leadership. In the next section, we’ll dive deeper into the specific benefits of patent protection, including the power of exclusive rights, the role of patent law, and how the patent process can help you secure your place in the market.
Reputation and First-Mover Advantages
Companies that consistently patent important inventions gain a reputation as industry leaders. This reputation can attract customers, talent, and investment for years to come. 3M is renowned for its culture of innovation, bolstered by tens of thousands of patents accumulated over decades. This reputation helps in marketing and recruiting top scientists.
Even after patents expire, companies often enjoy a first-mover advantage that continues to pay dividends. The patent period can be used to establish standard-setting technology. Suppose your patented technology becomes the industry standard during the protection period, by the time it enters the public domain. In that case, everyone may already be using your design, and you will be the recognized expert.
Your Next Steps to Patent Protection Success
The benefits of patent protection encompass a comprehensive range of legal, commercial, and strategic advantages that transform innovative ideas into sustained business success. From fundamental legal protection preventing competitors from copying innovations to sophisticated revenue generation through licensing and premium pricing, patents provide multiple pathways to value creation.
Legal benefits grant exclusive rights and powerful enforcement tools to defend innovations. Patents create a zone of exclusivity, allowing you to operate freely and build a market, something especially critical for small inventors and startups. Internationally, patents can be obtained in key markets for global-scale protection. Obtaining patent rights involves filing applications and, once granted, provides legal exclusivity that prevents infringement and secures your position in the market. Patents also grant the exclusive right to produce the invention, ensuring that others cannot manufacture or sell your patented product without your permission.
Commercial benefits enable inventors and businesses to monetize innovations in diverse ways. Licensing patents opens substantial royalty streams. Patents support higher profit margins by keeping direct competition at bay, enabling premium pricing. Patented products often command significantly higher prices and hold a higher market share due to their unique features.
Strategic and growth benefits often extend far beyond immediate returns. A solid patent portfolio can be the key to attracting investment, as investors view patents as assets and signals of quality. Statistics and case studies confirm that startups with patents achieve significantly better funding and growth outcomes. Patents facilitate partnerships through licensing agreements, joint ventures, and cross-licensing arrangements, thereby promoting collaboration and innovation.
The bottom line: Weak patents invite competition and commoditize your innovations. Strong, strategically drafted patents deter competitors, command premium pricing, and multiply company valuations. The difference between these outcomes isn’t just the technology; it’s the quality of legal protection surrounding it.
The urgency is real. Every day without patent protection is a day competitors can analyze your product, reverse-engineer your methods, and develop their own versions. In our first-to-file patent system, waiting means risking that someone else files first on similar technology, potentially blocking your ability to practice your own invention. Early patent filing isn’t just a defensive strategy; it’s offensive market positioning that locks in your competitive advantage before rivals can respond.
Take Action Today:
- Schedule a Free IP Strategy Call with Rapacke Law Group to evaluate the patentability of your technology and develop a protection roadmap aligned with your business goals and funding timeline.
- Download our SaaS Patent Guide 2.0 for specific guidance on protecting software innovations and SaaS business models.
- Review our AI Patent Mastery resource if your innovation involves machine learning, neural networks, or AI-powered features.
- Conduct a competitive patent landscape analysis to understand what competitors have filed and identify white space opportunities for your own filings.
Working with the proper patent counsel makes the difference between patents that provide genuine protection versus expensive documents that fail when tested. The patent process requires technical expertise, legal precision, and strategic foresight. Poor quality patents often cost more to fix later than doing it right the first time.
At Rapacke Law Group, we work exclusively with tech innovators, SaaS founders, and AI companies. Our fixed-fee pricing model eliminates the uncertainty of hourly billing. You know precisely what patent protection costs before we begin, with no surprise invoices, no scope creep, and no billing anxiety.
The RLG Guarantee backs our commitment:
- FREE strategy call with our patent team.
- Experienced U.S. patent attorneys lead your application from start to finish.
- One transparent flat-fee covering your entire patent application process (including office actions).
- Full refund if USPTO denies your patent application*.
- Full refund or additional searches if your application has patentability issues (your choice)*.
Your innovations deserve protection that actually works when it matters. Whether you’re preparing for Series A, building your first SaaS product, or scaling AI capabilities, the right patent strategy compounds value across every stage of growth.
To Your Success,
Andrew Rapacke, Managing Partner
Registered Patent Attorney
Rapacke Law Group
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